Author(s): Katayama Y, Becker DP, Tamura T, Hovda DA
An increase in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]c) of the rat hippocampus following fluid-percussion concussive brain injury was demonstrated with microdialysis. The role of neuronal discharge was examined with in situ administration of 0.1 mM tetrodotoxin, a potent depressant of neuronal discharges, and of 0.5 to 20 mM cobalt, a blocker of Ca++ channels. While a small short-lasting [K+]c increase (1.40- to 2.15-fold) was observed after a mild insult, a more pronounced longer-lasting increase (4.28- to 5.90-fold) was induced without overt morphological damage as the severity of injury rose above a certain threshold (unconscious for 200 to 250 seconds). The small short-lasting increase was reduced with prior administration of tetrodotoxin but not with cobalt, indicating that neuronal discharges are the source of this increase. In contrast, the larger longer-lasting increase was resistant to tetrodotoxin and partially dependent on Ca++, suggesting that neurotransmitter release is involved. In order to test the hypothesis that the release of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate mediates this increase in [K+]c, the extracellular concentration of glutamate ([Glu]c) was measured along with [K+]c. The results indicate that a relatively specific increase in [Glu]c (as compared with other amino acids) was induced concomitantly with the increase in [K+]c. Furthermore, the in situ administration of 1 to 25 mM kynurenic acid, an excitatory amino acid antagonist, effectively attenuated the increase in [K+]c. A dose-response curve suggested that a maximum effect of kynurenic acid is obtained at a concentration that substantially blocks all receptor subtypes of excitatory amino acids. These data suggest that concussive brain injury causes a massive K+ flux which is likely to be related to an indiscriminate release of excitatory amino acids occurring immediately after brain injury.
Referred From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1977896
Author(s): Seltzer Z, Cohn S, Ginzburg R, Beilin B
Author(s): Tseng AS, Beane WS, Lemire JM, Masi A, Levin M
Author(s): Ahmed Z, Wagdy M, Benjamin M, Mohamed S, Mohamed H, et al.
Author(s): Ahmed Z, Wieraszko A
Author(s): Debanne D, Poo MM
Author(s): Belmeguenai A, Hosy E, Bengtsson F, Pedroarena CM, Piochon C, et al.
Author(s): Hanse E
Author(s): Triesch J
Author(s): Desai NS, Rutherford LC, Turrigiano GG
Author(s): Kennard JT, Guévremont D, Mason-Parker SE, Abraham WC, Williams JM
Author(s): Richter-Levin G, Canevari L, Bliss TV
Author(s): Clarkson AN, Overman JJ, Zhong S, Mueller R, Lynch G, et al.
Author(s): Chi SI, Levine JD, Basbaum AI
Author(s): Boroujerdi A, Kim HK, Lyu YS, Kim DS, Figueroa KW, et al.
Author(s): Cohn S, Seltzer Z
Author(s): Seltzer Z, Beilin BZ, Ginzburg R, Paran Y, Shimko T
Author(s): Ghijsen WE, Besselsen E, Geukers V, Kamphuis W, Lopes da Silva FH
Author(s): Bliss TV, Errington ML, Laroche S, Lynch MA
Author(s): Dolphin AC, Errington ML, Bliss TV
Author(s): Ahmed Z, Freedland R, Wieraszko A
Author(s): Ahmed Z
Author(s): Gruner JA
Author(s): Ahmed Z, Wieraszko A
Author(s): Jiang M, Schuster JE, Fu R, Siddique T, Heckman CJ
Author(s): Moghaddasi M, Velumian AA, Zhang L, Fehlings MG
Author(s): Jiang MC, Heckman CJ
Author(s): Sawynok J, Downie JW, Reid AR, Cahill CM, White TD
Author(s): Wieraszko A, Armani J, Maqsood N, Raja H, Philip S
Author(s): BROMAGE PR, JOYAL AC, BINNEY JC
Author(s): Foffani G, Humanes-Valera D, Calderon-Muñoz F, Oliviero A, Aguilar J
Author(s): Kuno M, Matsuura S
Author(s): McAdoo DJ, Hughes MG, Nie L, Shah B, Clifton C, et al.
Author(s): Xu GY, Hughes MG, Ye Z, Hulsebosch CE, McAdoo DJ
Author(s): Park E, Velumian AA, Fehlings MG
Author(s): Connelly TJ, Ahern C, Coronado R
Author(s): Kaye AD, Banister RE, Anwar M, Feng CJ, Kadowitz PJ, et al.
Author(s): Agrawal SK, Theriault E, Fehlings MG
Author(s): Lips J, de Haan P, Bodewits P, Vanicky I, Dzoljic M, et al.
Author(s): Gupta A, Devi LA, Gomes I
Author(s): Sarton E, Teppema LJ, Olievier C, Nieuwenhuijs D, Matthes HW, et al.
Author(s): Nemeth CL, Paine TA, Rittiner JE, Béguin C, Carroll FI, et al.
Author(s): Winkler T, Sharma HS, Stålberg E, Olsson Y, Nyberg F
Author(s): Bakshi R, Ni RX, Faden AI
Author(s): Chesler M, Sakatani K, Hassan AZ
Author(s): Katayama Y, Kawamata T, Tamura T, Hovda DA, Becker DP, et al.
Author(s): Borgens RB
Author(s): Hamase K, Homma H, Takigawa Y, Fukushima T, Santa T, et al.
Author(s): Savage DD, Galindo R, Queen SA, Paxton LL, Allan AM
Author(s): Fleck MW, Barrionuevo G, Palmer AM
Author(s): Olsen ML, Campbell SC, McFerrin MB, Floyd CL, Sontheimer H
Author(s): Papke D, Gonzalez-Gutierrez G, Grosman C
Author(s): Sola E, Prestori F, Rossi P, Taglietti V, D'Angelo E
Author(s): Koyano K, Kuba K, Minota S
Author(s): Bliss TV, Douglas RM, Errington ML, Lynch MA
Author(s): Tsvetkov E, Shin RM, Bolshakov VY
Author(s): Levenson J, Weeber E, Selcher JC, Kategaya LS, Sweatt JD, et al.
Author(s): Correia SS, Bassani S, Brown TC, Lisé MF, Backos DS, et al.
Author(s): Williams JM, Guévremont D, Mason-Parker SE, Luxmanan C, Tate WP, et al.
Author(s): Malinow R
Author(s): Yang Y, Wang XB, Frerking M, Zhou Q
Author(s): Apaydin AZ, Büket S
Author(s): Kobrine AI, Evans DE, LeGrys DC, Yaffe LJ, Bradley ME
Author(s): Haghighi SS, Chehrazi BB, Higgins RS, Remington WJ, Wagner FC
Author(s): Robertson CS, Foltz R, Grossman RG, Goodman JC
Author(s): Hains BC, Saab CY, Lo AC, Waxman SG
Author(s): Schwartz G, Fehlings MG
Author(s): Waxman SG
Author(s): Borgens RB, Blight AR, Murphy DJ, Stewart L
Author(s): Borgens RB, Roederer E, Cohen MJ
Author(s): Borgens RB, Jaffe LF, Cohen MJ
Author(s): Obrenovitch TP, Urenjak J