Polymeric hydrogels for oral insulin delivery

The search for an effective and reliable oral insulin delivery system has been a major challenge facing pharmaceutical scientists for over many decades. Even though innumerable carrier systems that protect insulin from degradation in the GIT with improved membrane permeability and biological activity have been developed, yet a clinically acceptable device is not available for human application. Efforts in this direction are continuing at an accelerated speed. One of the preferred systems widely explored is based on polymeric hydrogels that protect insulin from enzymatic degradation in acidic stomach and delivers effectively in the intestine. Swelling and deswelling mechanisms of the hydrogel under varying pH conditions of the body control the release of insulin. The micro and nanoparticle (NP) hydrogel devices based on biopolymers have been widely explored, but their applications in human insulin therapy are still far from satisfactory. The present review highlights the recent findings on hydrogel-based devices for oral delivery of insulin. Literature data are critically assessed and results from different laboratories are compared.